Compleat is an easy, declarative way to add smart tab completion for
any command. It's written in Haskell (but requires no programming knowledge).
See the GitHub repository for a quick description, or read on for a
complete explanation.
Background
I'm one of those programmers who loves to carefully tailor my development
environment. I do nearly all of my work at the shell or in a text editor,
and I've spent a dozen years learning and customizing them to work more
quickly and easily.
Most experienced shell users know about programmable completion, which provides
smart tab-completion for for supported programs like ssh and git. You can
also add your own completions for programs that aren't supported—but in
my experience, most users never bother.
At Amazon, everyone used Zsh (which has a very powerful but especially baroque
completion system) and shared the completion scripts they wrote for our myriad
internal tools. Now that I'm in a startup with few other command line
die-hards, I'm on my own when it comes to extending my shell.
So I read the fine manual and started writing completions. You can see the
script I made for three commands from the Google Android SDK. It's 200
lines of shell code, and fairly straightforward if you happen to be familiar
with the Bash completion API. But as I cranked out more and more case
statements, I felt there must be a better way...
The Idea
It's not hard to describe the usage of a typical command-line program.
There's even a semi-standard format for it, used in man pages and generated by
libraries like AutoOpt. For example, here's the usage for android, one
of the SDK commands supported by my script:
android [--silent | --verbose]
( list [avd|target]
| create avd ( --target <target> | --name <name> | --skin <name>
| --path <file> | --sdcard <file> | --force ) ...
| move avd (--name <avd> | --rename <new> | --path <file>) ...
| (delete|update) avd --name <avd>
| create project ( (--package|--name|--activity|--path) <val>
| --target <target> ) ...
| update project ((--name|--path) <val> | --target <target>) ...
| update adb )
My idea: What if you could teach the shell to complete a program's arguments
just by writing a usage description like this one?
The Solution
With Compleat, you can add completion for any command just by writing a
usage description and saving it in a configuration folder. The ten-line
description of the android command above generates the same results as my
76-line bash function, and it's so much easier to write and understand!
The syntax should be familiar to long-time Unix users. Optional arguments are
enclosed in square brackets; alternate choices are separated by vertical
pipes. An ellipsis following an item means it may be repeated, and
parentheses group several items into one. Words in angle brackets are
parameters for the user to fill in.
Let's look at some more features of the usage format. For programs with
complicated arguments, it can be useful to break them down further. You can
place alternate usages on their own lines separated by semicolons, like this:
android <opts> list [avd|target];
android <opts> move avd (--name <avd>|--rename <new>|--path <file>)...;
android <opts> (delete|update) avd --name <avd>;
...and so on. Rather than repeat the common options on every line, I used a
parameter named 'opts'. I can define that parameter to be a sub-pattern,
which will be used wherever <opts> appears:
opts = [ --silent | --verbose ];
For parameters whose values are not fixed but can be computed by another
program, we use a ! symbol followed by a shell command to generate
completions, like this:
avd = ! android list avd | grep 'Name:' | cut -f2 -d: ;
target = ! android list target | grep '^id:'| cut -f2 -d' ' ;
Any parameter without a definition will use the shell's built-in completion
rules, which suggest matching filenames by default.
The source code is on GitHub. I've been using it for just a week and
I'm now writing new usage files for myself almost every day. The README file
has more details about the usage syntax, and instructions for installing the
software. Give it a try, and please send in any usage files that you want to
share! (Questions, bug reports, or patches are also welcome.)
Future Work
For the next release of Compleat, I would like to make installation easier by
providing better packaging and pre-compiled binaries; support zsh and other
non-bash shells; and write better documentation.
In the long term, I'm thinking about replacing the usage file interpreter with
a compiler. The compiler would translate the usage file into shell code, or
perhaps another language like C or Haskell. This would potentially improve
performance (although speed isn't an issue right now on my development box),
and make it easy for usage files to include logic written in the target
language. Another idea for the future: What if option-parsing libraries like
AutoOpt or the Ruby/Perl/Python equivalents generated completion scripts for
every program you wrote?
Final Thoughts
I realized recently that some things I do are so specialized that my parents
and non-programmer friends will probably never get them. For example,
Compleat is a program to generate programs to help you… run programs?
Sigh. Well, maybe someone out there will appreciate it.
Compleat was my weekends/evenings/bus-rides project for the last few weeks (as
you can see in the GitHub punch card), and my most fun side project in
quite a while. It's the first 'real' program I've written in Haskell, though
I've been experimenting with the language for a while. Now that I'm
comfortable with it, I find that Haskell's particular combination of features
works just right to enable quick exploratory programming, while giving a high
level of confidence in the behavior of the resulting program. Compleat 1.0 is
just 160 lines of Haskell (excluding comments and imports). Every module was
completely rewritten at least once as I compared different approaches. (This
is much less daunting when the code in question is only a couple dozen lines.)
I don't think this particular program would have been quite as easy to
write—at least for me—in any of the other platforms I know
(including Ruby, Python, Scheme, and C).
I had the idea for Compleat more than a year ago, but at the time I did not
know how to implement it easily. I quickly realized that what I wanted to
write was a specialized parser generator, and a domain-specific language to go
with it. Unfortunately I never took a compiler-design class in school, and
had forgotten most of what I learned in my programming languages course. So I
began studying parsing algorithms and language implementation, with Compleat
as my ultimate goal.
My good friend Josh and his Gazelle parser generator helped inspire me
and point me toward other existing work. Compleat actually contains three
parsers. The usage file parser and the input line tokenizer are built on the
excellent Parsec library. The usage file is then translated into a
parser that's built with my own simple set of parser combinators, which were
inspired both by Parsec and by the original Monadic Parser Combinators
paper by Graham Hutton and Erik Meijer. The simple evaluator for the usage
DSL applies what I learned from Jonathan Tang's Write Yourself a Scheme in
48 Hours. And of course Real World Haskell was an essential
resource for both the nuts and bolts and the design philosophy of Haskell.
So besides producing a tool that will be useful to me and hopefully others, I
also filled in a gap in my CS education, learned some great new languages and
tools, and kindled an interest in several new (to me) research areas. It has
also renewed my belief in the importance of 'academic' knowledge to real
engineering problems. (I've already come across at least one problem in my
day job that I was able to solve faster by implementing a simple parser than I
would have a year ago by fumbling with regexes.) And I'll be even happier if
this inspires some friends or strangers to take a closer look at Haskell,
Parsec, or any problem they've thought about and didn't know enough to solve.
Yet.
